Broader ethical principles will provide a basis on which specific rules may be formulated, criticized and interpreted. ![]() Such rules often are inadequate to cover complex situations at times they come into conflict, and they are frequently difficult to interpret or apply. The codes consist of rules, some general, others specific, that guide the investigators or the reviewers of research in their work. This code became the prototype of many later codes intended to assure that research involving human subjects would be carried out in an ethical manner. During the Nuremberg War Crime Trials, the Nuremberg code was drafted as a set of standards for judging physicians and scientists who had conducted biomedical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. Public attention was drawn to these questions by reported abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments, especially during the Second World War. It has also posed some troubling ethical questions. Scientific research has produced substantial social benefits. Boundaries Between Practice and ResearchĮthical Principles & Guidelines for Research Involving Human Subjects
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